Presentation of gymnosperms. Presentation "gymnosperms department". Some interesting facts about gymnosperms

You will always find her in the forest - Let's go for a walk and meet: Stands prickly like a hedgehog In winter in a summer dress.

Do you know, granddaughter, why she doesn’t sheds needles?

• Gymnosperms produce seeds.

Advantages:

There is an embryo and reserve nutrients

Dense shells protect the seed from adverse factors

juniper

The needle-shaped leaves of the pine tree are covered with a tough cuticle. There are few stomata; they are immersed in the tissue, which reduces water evaporation.

• In gymnosperms, bark and wood have resin canals filled with resin and essential oils.

Most common in Russia

larch

Siberian pine (cedar)

Laboratory work No.

• Studying the appearance of coniferous plants

Purpose: to study the appearance of shoots, cones and seeds of conifers

Progress.

Task No. 1

• Difference

pine shoots

Types of shoots

Needle location

Needle size

Task No. 2

• The structure of pine, spruce and larch cones

1 . By what signs can gymnosperms be recognized?

A) have fruits and seeds

B) sex cells mature in the cone

B) eat, breathe, grow, reproduce

D) fertilization occurs in the ovule and depends on water

2. A conifer cone is:

B) reproductive organ, modified shoot

B) ovule

D) embryo

3. Propagated by seeds:

A) horsetail

B) club moss

B) bracken fern

D) Siberian larch

4. Plants that do not have flowers and the seeds are located openly on the seed scales belong to the department

A) bryophytes

D) angiosperms

B) are formed in fruits

B) do not have a seed coat

D) develop on the scales of cones

Right answers

• Homework

The lesson is based on the textbook by V.V. for 6th grade. Beekeeper.

Lesson form: combined, using critical thinking technology

Stage of training on this topic: basic

Type of activity: search and reproductive

This topic introduces a new group of plants, the representatives of which reproduce in a new way, for students, using seeds and have cones of different sexes.

In Russia, 25% of the total area is occupied by coniferous forests, so this topic is of particular importance. Also, these forests are being cut down everywhere, so it is necessary to talk about their protection.

Messages are given to two students in advance: “Pine”, “Spruce”. Students are given the opportunity to learn in advance poems about nature conservation and F. Tyutchev, which are included in the outline. You can also draw a table in advance to save time. At the end of the lesson plan there is an appendix that can be used in class to demonstrate diversity. At all stages of the lesson, the presentation is used, which is available in the application.

Goal: to introduce students to the structural features of gymnosperms and their diversity.

• Find out which plants are gymnosperms.
• Show the difference between seed propagation and spore propagation.
• Consider the diversity of gymnosperms and their significance.
• To develop the ability to highlight the main thing, draw conclusions, work with a textbook and additional material. Develop skills in search work, observation, and accuracy when performing laboratory work.
• Caring for nature conservation. Aesthetic design of lessons and notebooks.

Equipment: herbarium material, spruce and pine cones, computer, multimedia, screen, handouts: crossword puzzle, labyrinth

Planned result:

• Students should know:
• Structural features of gymnosperms
• The structure of needles and cones of gymnosperms
• The importance and diversity of gymnosperms in nature and human life
• Students should be able to:
• Distinguish between types of conifers
• Name the characteristic features of gymnosperms.

Organizing time.

I. Testing knowledge on covered topics

Today we are moving on to studying new plants, the names of which you will recognize by solving this crossword puzzle. The crossword puzzle grid is distributed to each desk. Children work in pairs.

1. Living organisms that have the characteristics of plants and animals. Separated into a separate kingdom.
2. Body of multicellular lower plants
3. Green plant pigment
4. Another name for mushroom root
5. A cell through which fungi and lower plants reproduce
6. Moss sex cells
7. Mutually beneficial cohabitation of living organisms
8. Group of mosses
9. Organism composed of algae and fungus
10. The deepest seaweed
11. The group of algae to which kelp belongs
12. All living organisms are made of them

II. Main part

This is the topic of our lesson (record the topic)

Look at the title. What does it tell you?

Today you will learn: (tasks are shown on a slide and spoken out)

1. What plants belong to this group, their significance.

3. Does propagation by seeds give these plants an advantage?

5. We will carry out laboratory work to identify individual species

View slides. The task is given: write down the plants that belong to this group. Title on slides. The poem is read out by the teacher or student.

... Not what you think, nature:
Not a cast, not a soulless face -
She has a soul, she has freedom,
It has love, it has language... (F. Tyutchev)

While the viewing is going on, the teacher explains the meaning of the plants. Coniferous wood is used to make furniture, paper, musical instruments, pencils, and is used as firewood. Resin is used for rosin and turpentine. Coniferous fragrance is used to make creams, shampoo, and soap. Larch provides a person with wood that does not rot in water and is not inferior in strength to metal. The piles of the Troyan Bridge on the Danube, built from larch, survived for almost two millennia. Phytoncides are produced that kill microbes.

1. What do plants have in common? (conifers, evergreens).

The teacher adds: thuja, spruce, fir, yew, gnetums (vines), that conifers grow only in northern latitudes, and in South America and Australia, there are gymnosperms with scaly leaves, for example cypress, Ginkgo. More than 500 species.

A very ancient group. 150 million years ago they achieved their dominance. The first were cycads, which looked like a palm tree. The last flyleaf of the textbook.

Among them there are record holders. Long-livers: sequoia dendron - mammoth tree (6000 years), in California - bristlecone pines live 4600 years. The largest of them have their own names. In the trunk of the “Tree-House” (height 90 m, thickness 11 m) there is a summer house, and a road is built through the “Tree-Tunnel”. It is estimated that 25 wagons would be required to transport the General Sherman.

2. What are needles? Find the answer in the textbook (page 75)

• Are these plants higher or lower?
• Rationale.
• How do they reproduce?
• Why is seed propagation more profitable? Answer on your own or find the answer in the textbook.

How the seeds lie. Showing the cones (we lead to the answer that the seeds lie openly on the surface of the scales).

• The teacher adds that cones are male and female. There is no flower.

Primary consolidation of knowledge.

Now we will do laboratory work and learn how to identify plants by their characteristics.

Laboratory work (page 79 ). “Study of the structure of needles.” I recommend considering only the needles of two plants (I don’t have enough time). For example, Scots pine and spruce.

Conclusion about the differences in needles. Done by students.

Student report about pine and spruce. The rest of the students fill out the table. The teacher helps with the first line. The second one is filled out independently after listening to the report. Slide

Homework: Fill out the table to the end.

III. Consolidation.

Questions for the class.

1. What is the main difference between seed plants and spore plants?
2. Why are conifers otherwise called gymnosperms?
3. What conditions are necessary for the life of pine and spruce?
4. What plants are gymnosperms?
5. How do people use conifers? What does one get from them?

Labyrinth. Shown on the slide. Distributed to each table. A textbook is used. Work in pairs .

Answer Key: 1, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 9, 10, 15, 19, 24, 20, 25.

Students independently check and give themselves a grade (if the maze is completed completely - “5”, 7-12 correct moves - “4”, less - “3”)

Final word:

No matter how widely these plants are used by humans. It is necessary to think about their protection. Conifers are being cut down everywhere. The taiga is getting poorer. At the same time, oxygen and water are becoming less and less. Conifers are not resistant to air pollution. That's why our industry is destroying them. The poem is on the slide. Read by heart by the student

We say in front of all the people:
To prolong nature's centuries,
Must help nature
Nature's friend is man.
So that the years rush by peacefully,
Century after century blossomed,
To be a friend to all nature
Every person should!

IV. Summarizing.

Slide 1

Slide 2

Gynosperms are plants that do not have flowers or fruits, but reproduce by seeds. The seeds of these plants lie openly “barely”, hence the name. Currently, there are about 720 species of gymnosperms.
Swamp cypress

Slide 3

ADVANTAGES OF GYNOSPEMALS OVER SPOTED PLANTS
The reproduction process is not associated with water.

The seeds contain a large supply of nutrients necessary to feed the seedling (spores contain very few nutrients, so they have poor viability)

Slide 4

Slide 5

The core of these plants is edible. In Japan, it is used to make cereal - sago. In Africa, cycads are called breadfruit.

The cycad is the slowest growing tree; it grows 10 cm in 100 years.

Slide 6

Ginkgo is a living relic. Appeared on Earth 300 million years ago and went extinct at the same time as dinosaurs. Only one species has survived, which the Dutch accidentally discovered in Japan.

Slide 7

Slide 8

Translated from Japanese, ginkgo means silver apricot. Its seeds are valued as a medicinal product and an expensive delicacy.

Slide 9

Velvichia is amazing - it grows in deserts where not a drop of rain falls for years. The trunk is short and thick, similar to a stump. There are only two leaves, they never fall and grow throughout their lives. She has a long life of up to 1000 years
Slide 10
CONIFEROS

Pine

Top row, from left to right: Scots pine, black pine, hemlock, Lebanese cedar. Bottom row, from left to right: larch, plain fir, common spruce, blue spruce
Slide 11

PINE (350 – 400 YEARS)

The color of the bark is red-brown. Light-loving. Undemanding to the soil (can grow on sand, rocks and swamps). The needles are long, narrow, connected in twos.
The root system is varied and well developed.

Slide 12

SPRUCE (250 – 300 YEARS)

The color of the bark is dark brown.

Shade-tolerant plant.
Grows in fertile and well-moistened soil.

The needles are short and sharp, located singly on the shoots (they live 7-9 years).

The root system is less developed, lateral roots are located in the surface layer.
FEMALE Reddish, larger, rounded, located on the tops of young shoots. On the axis of the cone there are scales, on the inside of which there are ovules in pairs.
MALE Greenish-yellow, spikelet type, located at the base of young shoots. Two pollen sacs develop on the scales. Pollen ripens in them.

Slide 16

Pollination occurs in late May - early June with the help of wind. Pollen falls on the seed scales and they are glued together with resin. It takes 1 year from pollination to fertilization. The seeds ripen a year and a half after pollination, and spill out of the cones almost two years later. The seeds have membranous wings, thanks to which they are dispersed by the wind.

Slide 17

MEANING OF PINE
Pine trees release volatile substances that kill microbes, so the air in the pine forest is sterile

Slide 18

SPUR VALUE
Spruce wood is the main raw material for paper production.

Spruce needles are six times richer in vitamin C than lemon.

Stradivarius and Amati made their violins from spruce.

Slide 20

The seeds of the Siberian pine pine are “pine nuts”. They are tasty and very healthy, ripening for more than two years (27 months). In good years, you can collect up to two tons of seeds from 1 hectare. Cedar wood is a good material for musical instruments.
Chests and cabinets made of cedar wood do not harbor moths, and milk does not sour for a long time in cedar dishes.
Slide 21

CEDAR

These are one of the most ancient trees. Nowadays, only 4 types of cedars have survived in nature: Lebanese, Himalayan, Atlas, and Cypriot. These are powerful, tall (40 m) trees, the pride and decoration of the countries where they grow. Therefore, the Lebanese cedar became the national symbol of this country and is depicted on the flag of Lebanon. Sarcophagi of Egyptian pharaohs are made of cedar wood

Cedar of Lebanon

Slide 23
The needles of larch are soft and fall off every autumn, like leaves - hence the name of the tree. And its wood is hard, heavy and very durable. It does not rot for a long time in soil and even water. The wooden tower of the Yakut fort, built from larch in the middle of the 17th century, has survived to this day.

Slide 24

CYPRESS
From left to right: evergreen cypress, western thuja, biota, Cossack juniper

Slide 25

Alleys of cypress trees decorate many southern cities. One Italian city even passed a law that everyone who wants to build a house must plant a cypress tree.
There are examples of completely opposite attitudes towards cypress on the part of humans. In the 50s XX in the USSR they began to cut down cypress trees en masse and destroyed 75 thousand mature trees. Reason: This tree was accused of “spreading tuberculosis”

Slide 27

JUNIPER
The height of the plant is 10–12 m, although the height of some specimens reaches 17 meters. They can live up to 600 years and grow very slowly. Belief in the protective power of juniper was very strong, so that clouds of its fragrant smoke were sent after departing enemies (so that they would not return).

Slide 28

Abundant harvests of cones occur every 3–4 years. Infusions of them are used to increase appetite and serve as seasoning. Juniper produces 6 times more aromatic substances that kill bacteria than pine. In the places where it grows, the air is clean and healthy.

Slide 29

Yew
From left to right: yew (yew berry), araucariaceae (araucaria angustifolia, agathis), capitate tissaceae (Yew Fortune)

Slide 30

TISS
The wood of yew is extraordinary. People call this plant “negniyushka”. Yew wood does not rot either in air or in water and is preserved for centuries. Therefore, it was used for the construction of dams, water mills, and ships. Its strength brings to mind iron. Nails, arrows, spears, even cannonballs were made from it.

Slide 31

Yew grows slowly: for example, the height of a 1200-year-old tree near Mount Ai-Petri is only 10 meters. Yew wood is poisonous. Gardeners trimming yew hedges must work with long breaks, otherwise within half an hour they will begin to feel dizzy, dizzy, and nauseous.

Slide 32

SEQUOIA
The most gigantic plant inhabiting our planet. Sequoias got their name in honor of the Indian chief Sequoia from the Cherokee tribe, who created it at the beginning of the 19th century. alphabet for his people. And one of the types of sequoias is called mammoth tree for the resemblance of its crooked branches to the tusks of a mammoth.

Slide 33

Sequoia has an excellent red wood that is highly prized in carpentry. It is almost not affected by fire. Scientists have found that this tree needs forest fires; without them, sequoias would not have survived to this day. The fire, without causing much harm to the forest giants, burns out the undergrowth and pine needles lying on the ground.

Slide 34

Slide 35

THE IMPORTANCE OF GYNOSEPERS
They form organic substances and release oxygen.

Coniferous forests delay snow melting and enrich the soil with moisture. Pine produces volatile substances that have an antibacterial effect.

Valuable building and ornamental material (sequoia wood - mahogany).
Spruce wood is a raw material for making paper. Turpentine, varnishes, alcohol, and plastics are obtained from conifers. Oil is obtained from the seeds of Siberian pine. Many conifers are used as ornamental plants.
Slide 36

• BIOLOGICAL TASKS
OPTION 1. Deciduous trees - birch, linden, oak - shed their leaves completely in the winter, which preserves them from large losses of water. Conifers, with rare exceptions, are evergreens. How do spruce and pine tolerate winter “drought”? In coniferous forests, pine trunks have no branches almost to the very tops, while spruce trees lack branches only in the lower part of the trunks. What are the reasons for these differences? Seeds from pine cones fall out at the end of winter and beginning of spring. Does the time of seed dispersal have any significance in the life of a pine tree? If yes, which one?

• OPTION 2. In spring, small reddish cones form at the tops of young pine shoots, and small yellow cones form at the base of young shoots. Which of these bumps are male and which are female? During a strong wind, spruce trees are torn out with their roots, and the top of the trunk of pines breaks off (about 1/3 of the height of the tree). How can such phenomena be explained? Pine is very often used in plantings to consolidate sand, but spruce is not suitable for this. What is this connected with?
• The purpose of the lesson: create conditions for awareness and comprehension of new educational information, for the application of knowledge and skills in new educational situations and check the level of assimilation of educational material using various teaching methods.
• Lesson objectives: Educational:
• organize the activities of students to study information about the diversity of gymnosperms; promote the acquisition of knowledge about the features of the external structure and significance of gymnosperms, their role in nature; promote awareness of the value of the subject being studied. to form the experience of equal cooperation between teachers and students in the learning process; stimulate the development of cognitive interest; instill in students communication skills, assessment and self-assessment skills; continue to cultivate a caring attitude towards green plants.

• Most are evergreen, with needle-shaped or scaly leaves. Microspores give rise to a male gametophyte, consisting of several cells, which, when transformed, produce pollen. Pollen is carried by the wind and fertilization does not depend on water, falling on the cover of the ovule. Life forms in the form of trees and shrubs.

• The Gymnosperms division includes six classes, two of which are completely extinct. Evergreen trees, evergreen deciduous shrubs, deciduous and coniferous trees are possible. Gymnosperms can be dioecious or monoecious.

• The Coniferous class forms forests in North America and Northern Eurasia. The largest number of species of pine, spruce, fir, and larch are concentrated around the Pacific Ocean, especially in China. They are represented mainly by trees; the wood consists of tracheids and contains resin ducts. The leaves of most conifers are hard, needle-like (needles) and do not fall off at unfavorable times of the year.

• The needles are covered with a thick layer of cuticle, the stomata are immersed in the leaf tissue. In conifers, the main tissue is completely absent or there is very little of it. The leaves of coniferous trees produce phytoncides that have bactericidal properties.

• On the stems of conifers there are cones - female and male; consist of axes with attached scales. On the seed scales there are two ovules, from each a gametophyte with one egg is formed. Most pine pollen grains have two light air sacs.

• Wood is used as fuel; building material; in carriage building; shipbuilding; in aviation; for the manufacture of musical instruments and furniture. In medicine, pine buds and juniper cones and berries are used; fir oil, pine needles; as well as resins and essential oils. The seeds are used in human nutrition.

• Habitat in the tropics and subtropics. *Structures Evergreen tree-like, less often low-growing palm-like plants: a taproot is developed. *Development Dioecious plants, sporophylls are collected into unisexual strobili.

• The habitat is represented by a single family, the Ginkgo biloba species. *Structure: Tall deciduous tree. The leaves have a fan-shaped lobed plate sitting on a thin petiole. Ginko is grown as an ornamental tree. *Development features: Dioecious plants. Fertilization is carried out by motile sperm.

• Habitat in arid and desert areas. *Structural features: Branched evergreen leafless shrubs or shrubs with opposite leaves. * Developmental features: After fertilization, a seed appears, surrounded by a fleshy pericarp.

• They are suppliers of oxygen and organic substances; purify the air; serve as a habitat for valuable species of animals and birds; give food to animals. They perform an important water protection function. In biogeocenoses they function as producers.

Aromorphoses of seed plants compared to spore plants Aromorphoses – large
improvement,
border between
large taxa
The fertilization process does not depend on water
Male gametes without flagella are called sperm.
A pollen tube appears, pushing sperm towards the egg.
Fertilization takes place entirely within the body
Reduction of the haploid gametophyte (female - to the ovule, not
leaving the insides of the sporophyte and the male - to the pollen
grains carried by the wind) and improvement of the diploid sporophyte
A new pollination process replaces the movement of the male gamete in the outer
environment
Dispersal using a new organ - the seed
All these aromorphoses allowed the seeds to truly conquer the land and
reduce the species diversity of weak competitors - spore

Division Gymnosperms Class Conifers

Reproduction using the example of pine

Department Angiosperms, or flowering plants

Inflorescences

Class dicotyledons

Families of the class Dicotyledons

Class Dicotyledons

Class Monocots

Families of the class Monocots

Flower formula

Snapdragon

Seychelles palm

Rafflesia Arnolda